The only World Heritage site on Java Island that needs to be protected.

The Javan rhinoceros previously occupied a fairly wide distribution area in Southeast Asia, ranging from the Bay of Bengal (India) to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra Island, and Java Island. The population in Vietnam was declared extinct in 2010. The current Javan rhinoceros population is now limited, concentrated in Ujung Kulon National Park since the 1930s. The population size has remained stable as there have been no recorded hunting data for 3 decades. Currently, there are 77 individuals (Press Release from TNUK in 2022) scattered in the southern part of the Ujung Kulon Peninsula, specifically in the river basins of Cibandawoh, Cikeusik, Citadahan, and Cibunar. This distribution area is a lowland region, has water sources, and provides sufficient forage throughout the year, as well as being relatively minimal in human disturbances. However, the habitat of the rhinoceros in TNUK is predicted to be approaching its carrying capacity, and the rhinoceros population will struggle to grow without intensive management efforts.

HABITAT

The Javan rhinoceros occupies habitats that have certain criteria from several aspects such as altitude, slope, temperature and humidity, availability of water, potential wallows, soil acidity, availability of mineral salts, availability of forage plants, and the level of human disturbance. The Javan rhinoceros prefers lowland rainforest and swamp habitats. However, there are also Javan rhinoceroses found at an altitude of 600 m above sea level, specifically in the Gunung Honje area, Ujung Kulon National Park. The Javan rhinoceros prefers habitat conditions with dense forests, areas of thick shrubs and bushes, and is less fond of open places, especially during the day.

Javan rhinos are better adapted to lowland environments than mountainous areas, especially when they live sympatrically with Sumatran rhinos. However, when they are not found together, Javan rhinos can sometimes also be found in mountainous areas.

"By using trap cameras, the National Park authorities revealed that the population of the Javan Rhino is increasing every year. Here are the details:"
2020

By using 79 camera trap units, TNUK recorded and identified 34 individual Javan Rhinos. When totaled with the 2019 data, the number reaches 72 individuals, plus the birth of 2 individuals, bringing the total to 74 Javan Rhinos.
2021

With 92 camera units, TNUK recorded and identified 61 individuals. Cumulatively from 2020 (74 individuals), plus the birth of five individuals and the death of three individuals, the total is 76 Javan Rhinos.

Ujung Kulon is the only remaining habitat for the Javan Rhino.

"In the calculation of the Javan Rhinoceros, this is currently the highest number in the history of Ujung Kulon," according to an official statement from Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK), in its right of reply.

"Statistical data proves that the number of rhinos is increasing even though the calculations use different methods according to technology and the development of science that is becoming more accurate."

According to the information from Ujung Kulon National Park, the counting of the Javan Rhinoceros population is conducted using a spatial analysis approach.

Using 132 camera units, 41 Javan rhinos were recorded and identified. Cumulatively with the figures from 2021 (76 individuals) plus the birth of four individuals, the total number of Javan rhinos becomes 80.
2023

TNUK revealed that this year the birth of one Javan Rhino calf was found. Added to the figure from 2022 (80 individuals), the total becomes 81 Javan Rhinos. A separate NGO study, the Auriga Nusantara Foundation's study on the Javan Rhino population in Ujung Kulon National Park, shows that 15 individuals have gone missing from camera trap monitoring in recent years.

Various efforts have been made by TN Ujung Kulon to eradicate this Langkap plant, but a solution has not yet been found due to the rapid growth of Langkap.

KSDAE also highlights the threats of Javan Rhino poaching and human disturbances. The Banten Police are currently pursuing the suspected poachers, and in line with this, the Ujung Kulon National Park Office has also formed a joint team to conduct patrols and security. This team is established not only to prevent poaching but also to prevent human activities in conservation areas that could potentially disturb the habitat of the Javan Rhino.

The presence of food plants for the Javan Rhino is also a challenge. The presence of Langkap plants disrupts the growth of food plants for the rhino.

This condition poses a unique challenge for conservationists in maintaining the habitat and population of the Javan Rhino.

The behavior of the Javan rhinoceros that has not been identified in detail makes its habituation and conservation management quite difficult. This animal has a shy and sensitive nature. Even a slight disturbance can upset this rhinoceros.

"A total of eleven Javan rhinos that went undetected, consisting of seven females, while the other eight are males. The undetected females are a major concern as it relates to conservation efforts to increase the population of Javan rhinos in TNUK."

According to him, the 15 untracked Javan rhinos have not been published by the relevant authorities because they are considered still alive. This assumption is based on the absence of signs of death or bones.

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